These strategies can be formulated once the fishery stock has been genetically defined, to achieve sustainable fishery management. Genetic data is now being incorporated, albeit slowly, in designing marine protected area networks, stock restoration, and fisheries management policies ( von der Heyden et al., 2014). The stock concept equips fishery managers with essential information for sustainable fishery management. The genetic diversity must be preserved, and population structure patterns considered to optimise resource use ( Carvalho & Hauser, 1994). Many biologists consider fish stocks an interbreeding entity originating from a single gene pool. Later, Coyle (1998) redefined it “as a group of fish population inferred to be genetically isolated due to reproductive isolation”. (1981), a stock is “an intraspecific group of randomly mating individuals with temporal and spatial integrity”. The delineation of marine resources’ population or stock structure is critical for fisheries management and conservation ( Shaklee et al., 1999 Maunder & Punt, 2013 Phinchongsakuldit et al., 2013 Prasetyo, Dharmadi & Purwoko, 2019 Ha et al., 2020), particularly for species that are susceptible to commercial exploitation ( Garcia et al., 2003 Ha et al., 2020 Ryman & Utter, 1987).Īccording to Ihssen et al. sirm of the AS and the SCS, including its neighboring waters. Based on the molecular evidence, separate management strategies may be required for A. In addition, genetic homogeneity was revealed throughout the SCS, SS, and CS based on the non-significant F STpairwise comparisons. sirm stock boundaries and evolutionary between the west and east coast (which shares the same waters as western Borneo) of Peninsular Malaysia. Based on the phylogenetic trees, minimum spanning network (MSN), population pairwise comparison, and F ST,and supported by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) tests, distinct genetic structures were observed (7.2% to 7.6% genetic divergence) between populations in the SCS and its neighboring waters, versus those in the AS. Accordingly, the intra-population haplotype diversity (Hd) was high (0.91–1.00), and nucleotide diversity ( π) was low (0.002–0.009), which suggests a population bottleneck followed by rapid population growth. sirm populations: the Andaman Sea (AS) (two), South China Sea (SCS) (six), Sulu Sea (SS) (one), and Celebes Sea (CS) (one). In the present study, mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b was sequenced from 10 A. sirm population structure and management strategy. As such, molecular information is vital in determining the A. Therefore, sustainable management of this species is of paramount importance to ensure its longevity. Lack of management of these marine species in Malaysian waters could lead to overfishing and potentially declining fish stock populations. The spotted sardinella, Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum, 1792), is a commercial sardine commonly caught in Malaysia. Mitochondrial marker implies fishery separate management units for spotted sardinella, Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum, 1792) populations in the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea. Cite this article Jamaludin NA, Jamaluddin JAF, Rahim MA, Mohammed Akib NA, Ratmuangkhwang S, Mohd Arshaad W, Mohd Nor SA. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 7 Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia DOI 10.7717/peerj.13706 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Nicholas Jeffery Subject Areas Genetics, Marine Biology, Zoology, Population Biology Keywords Population genetics, Phylogeographic study, Fisheries stock management, Pelagic fish, Sardines Copyright © 2022 Jamaludin et al.
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